Feme Sole and Womens Rights Historical Perspective

A woman with the status of  feme sole  was thus able to make legal contracts and sign legal documents in her own name. She could own property and dispose of it in her own name.  She also had the right to make her own decisions about her education and could make decisions about how to dispose of her own wages. What made this status special, and what did it mean? Feme sole literally means a woman alone.  In law, an adult woman who is not married, or one who is acting on her own regarding her estate and property, acting on her own rather than as a feme covert. The plural is femes sole.  The phrase is also spelled  femme sole in French. Illustrative Example In the last half of the 19th century, when  Elizabeth Cady Stanton  and  Susan B. Anthony  headed the  National Womans Suffrage Association  which also published a newspaper,  Anthony had to sign contracts for the organization and paper, and Stanton could not.  Stanton, a married woman, was  a  feme covert. and Anthony, mature and single, was a feme sole, so under law, Anthony was able to sign contracts, and Stanton was not.  Stantons husband would have had to sign in Stantons stead. Historical Context Under common British law, an adult single woman (never married, widowed or divorced) was independent of a husband, and therefore not covered by him in the law, becoming one person with him. Blackstone does not consider it a violation of the principle of  feme covert  for a wife to act as an attorney for her husband, as when he was out of town, for that implies no separation from, but is rather a representation of, her lord.... Under certain legal conditions, a married woman could act on her own behalf regarding property and estate.  Blackstone  mentions, for instance, that if the husband is banished legally, he is dead in law, and thus the wife would have no legal defense if she were sued. In civil law, the husband and wife were considered separate persons. In criminal prosecutions, a husband and wife could be sued and punished separately, but could not be witnesses for one another.  The exception to the witness rule was, according to Blackstone, would be if the husband forced her to marry him. Symbolically, the tradition of feme sole vs. feme covert continues when women choose marriage to keep their names or adopt the husbands name. The concept of feme  sole  evolved in England during feudal medieval times. The position of a wife to a husband was considered somewhat parallel to that of a man to his baron (the power of a man over his wife continued to be called  coverte  de baron.  As the concept of  feme sole evolved in the 11th through 14th century, any woman who worked independently at a craft or a trade, rather than working with a husband, was considered a  feme sole.  But this status, if held by a married woman, conflicted with ideas about debt being a family debt, and eventually, the common law evolved so that married women could not conduct business on their own without the permission of their husbands. Changes Over Time Coverture, and thus the need for a category of  feme sole, began to change in the 19th century, including in the various Married Womens Property Acts passed by states.  Some version of coverture survived in United States Law into the last half of the 20th century, protecting husbands from responsibility for major financial obligations incurred by their wives, and permitting women to use as a defense in court that her husband had ordered her to take an action. Religious Roots In medieval Europe, canon law also was important.  Under canon law, by the 14th century, a married woman could not make a will (testament) deciding how any real estate she had inherited could be distributed since she could not own real estate in her own name. She could, however, decide on how her personal goods would be distributed. If she was a widow, she was bound by certain rules of  dower.   Such civil and religious laws were influenced by a key letter from Paul to the Corinthians in the Christian Scriptures,  1 Corinthians 7:3-6, here rendered in the King James Version: 3  Let the husband render unto the wife due benevolence: and likewise also the wife unto the husband. 4  The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband: and likewise also the husband hath not power of his own body, but the wife. 5  Defraud ye not one the other, except it be with consent for a time, that ye may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together again, that Satan tempt you not for your incontinency. 6  But I speak this by permission, and not of commandment. Current Law Today, a woman is considered to retain her feme sole status even after marriage.  An example of the current law is Section 451.290, from the Revised Statutes of the state of Missouri, as the statute existed in 1997: A married woman shall be deemed a femme sole so far as to enable her to carry on and transact business on her own account, to contract and be contracted with, to sue and be sued, and to enforce and have enforced against her property such judgments as may be rendered for or against her, and may sue and be sued at law or in equity, with or without her husband being joined as a party.

Rhetorical Analysis Of A Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift

A Modest Proposal† is an essay by Jonathan Swift that gives some type of a solution to the hunger problem in Ireland. Swift espouse an ironic approach that guarantee a surprise ending. At the beginning of the essay, he cornerstones his proposal that will be good for the public and diminish economic troubles. The proposal that Swift advances concerns the selling of poor Irish children to the rich, so that they could suffice as food. In addition, he points out that this will ease the pressures on the poor population as it will earn them sustenance. However, in the end of the essay, Swift adopts a pliable tone, which contrasts significantly with the one he uses at the beginning. This emanates from his indication that he is open to more†¦show more content†¦The poor in the country comprise of beggars and their children, and cottagers and laborers; if the government decides to provide for them, it will result in a serious debt spanning myriad years. Swift’s indicatio n that his proposal is rather cheap, innocent, effectual and easy to adopt is also an indication that the end of the story will be different from what the readers expect. Swift asserts that even the parents of the children who have developed to adolescence would have seconded his idea to solve the problems that they have faced trying to provide for them. In comparison to how the essay concludes, this is an indication that Swift (2007) was also speaking for himself as at the end of the essay he regrets not having children whom he could sell for benefit. The author is successful in his conviction at the end of the essay through offering several reasons for the adoption of his plan. Firstly, he indicates that before any other writers present their proposals concerning the matter, they should spare a moment and consider his ideas that are uniformly cheap, effectual, easy, and innocent. This observation by Swift is to lure opinionated readers to reconsider their position and try to reason in the same line as Swift. Secondly, Swift (2007) provides two reasons which, as he indicates, are the proof that his proposal is viable; they include the factShow MoreRelatedEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of a Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift639 Words   |  3 PagesJohnathan Swift wrote Modest Proposal with the idea to better humanity.. When you first read it you miss what the true message is. You think â€Å"Man this guy is a monster!† or â€Å"He’s sick!†, but once you reach the end the true meaning of the proposal hits you. Wh en Jonathan Swift wrote a Modest Proposal he tried to get his audience to see the problem by taking it and providing an unethical and inhumane solution then using rhetorical devices to bring out people’s emotions. 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The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare

Free Reflection Essay Free Essays

The effectiveness of â€Å"Learning Exchange† as a tool for improving organizational effectiveness, through knowledge sharing, at Thomson Reuters. Purpose Thomson Reuters is a global information company, headquartered in the Canada, and operates in 93 countries with over 50,000 staff (Thomson Reuters, 2009). Being a knowledge based organization, Reuters was having problems with the flow of knowledge amongst different departments across several countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Reflection Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose of this paper therefore is to evaluate the effectiveness of the newly introduced â€Å"Learning Exchange† intranet platform as a tool for increasing knowledge sharing, in an organization where employees perceive the knowledge they have as an â€Å"reward-enhancing-asset†, where rewards are awarded based on what you know and not what you share. Methodology/Approach This paper aims to draw on a number of peer-reviewed journals and articles regarding knowledge sharing as a whole, and more specifically in a reward based competitive culture. The literature would also include theories on pre and post integration strategies for Knowledge Sharing Intranet applications, directed at organizational environments where knowledge sharing or transfer, without a pay benefit, was not the norm. Primary data would include a case study analysis and possible telephone discussions with few staff, in order to ascertain the success of the intranet integration as a method of encouraging knowledge sharing in the organization. Were any pre or post integration processes put into place, and if so, how successful were they at convincing those who had the information to share it with those who did not? Findings Though my eventual findings are not certain, preliminary literature research clearly outlines that the success rate of any Knowledge Management Intranet system is based on the culture of the organization (Ruppel and Harrington, 2001), willingness of staff to accept the application (Goh, 2007), and integration strategies put into place that would encourage all stakeholders to use the intranet (Goh, 2007). These integration strategies may include training programs (before, during and after implementation), communication, and enforcement methods (e.g. restricting access to certain important information, except it is accessed through the knowledge-sharing portal). Based on the preliminary research, I hope to find that the major barrier to the Intranet acceptance was the culture within the organization. I also hope to find that any success/failure recorded was largely dependent on the effectiveness of the integration process that management put into place. Research Limitations; My major limitations to this research would be negotiating access to the organization in order to discuss the effectiveness of the Intranet system as a method of improving organizational knowledge management. I also perceive limitations in the time limit within which I am required to submit this assignment, and also employee unwillingness to discuss a subjective issue regarding the culture within the organization and their perception of its knowledge-withholding reward based culture. Practical implications; The practical implications of this research would be based on the findings of my survey. If the intranet has been ineffective, then the solutions for a more successful approach would be based on the literature review findings that concur with employee perception. However if it has been successful, it would help in developing an approach in which culturally similar organizations could build and implement Knowledge Sharing Intranet Solutions. Originality/value of paper; The results of the finding, whatever implications it may have, would help to confirm whether existing literature accurately define the knowledge sharing culture within reward-based organizations. It would also aid in shedding a new light on integration processes that employees perceive as suitable, when designing and implementing Intranet solutions. Bibliography Issa, R. R., and Haddad, J. (2008) Perceptions of the impacts of organizational cultureand information technology on knowledge sharing in construction. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, Vol. 8 (3), p182-201 McElroy, M. W. (2003) The new knowledge management: complexity, learning and sustainable innovation. KMCI Press Series, Butterworth-Heinemann: London,246pp Nonaka, I. (2005) Knowledge Management: Critical Perspectives on Business and Management, Taylor Francis: New York, 1303pp Pan, S. L., and Scarbrough, H. (1998) A Socio-Technical View of Knowledge Sharing at Buckman Laboratories, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 2(1), p78-91 Reige, A. (2005) Three-dozen knowledge-sharing barriers managers must consider, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. 9 (3), p18-35 Smith, P. A. (2005) Knowledge Sharing, The learning organisation: an internationaljournal, Vol. 12 (6), 61pp References Goh, A. S. (2007) Integrating Knowledge Sharing Implementation: Toward An Institutionalized Symbiotic Model. International Journal of AppliedKnowledge Management, Vol. 1 (1), p16-21 Ruppel, C. P., and Harrington, S. J. (2001) Sharing Knowledge through intranets: A study of organizational culture and intranet implementation, IEEE transactions on professional communication, Vol. 44 (1), p37-52 Thomson Reuters (2009) ABOUT US, www.thomsonreuters.com/about, (accessed10/10/2009) How to cite Free Reflection Essay, Essay examples

Poem Hurricane Essay Example For Students

Poem: Hurricane Essay The evil hurricane destroys the landscape by snapping the trees The depressed rain sounds like a baby crying because he did not get his way The corrupt winds hurl the timber around The stern winds sound like a mother yelling angrily at her child The loud thunder sounds as if a baseball is being hit hard by a large baseball bat The crack of trees snapping caused the hurricane to roar There was a low moan of pain traveling through the air The screeches of the hurricane sent shrills down our spines The twirling witch threw rain at our house The stormy clouds were running away from the disasterous battle field The yelping cars were tumbling and somersalting across the freeway The upset hurricane threw down the blazing lightning The tremendous hurricane was a thundering, swirling cloud of death as it spun off baby ice cream cones of terror The terrifying hurricane whistled an unsteady tone as it uprooted our crops and had a tasty snack The gigantic hurricane swept up our homes and left them where they were and didnt bother to use a dustpan The horrifying hurricane weakened our houses with its powerful and terrifying smelling breath The destructive hurricane blew the ocean waves into a wild rage to destroy our unsafe homes The hurricane was a sinister villain destroying beautiful land The noisy hurricane screams and howls like an upset baby Hurricanes are angry grandmothers with gray hair spinning and falling out everywhere The powerful storm was throwing branches like major league baseball pitchers The winds were rushing across the water while whistling a creepy tune with the trees snapping along The hurricane was so angry, she ripped off the barn roof, while her whipping winds chased the cows The repulsive eye sternly watched me as it began to leave Poetry Essays .